MICROTURBINE

INTRODUCTION

• Micro Turbines are new type of  combustion turbine used for stationary energy generation.
• The concept is evolved from automotive and truck turbocharges, auxiliary power units(APU) for airplanes.
• Approximately the size of a refrigerator with outputs of 25 kW to 500 kW.
• They provide not only electricity, but also the thermal energy to provide for  all heating and cooling needs.

Microturbine Overview

1. Commercially available                 -  Yes (limited)
2. Size range                                       -  25-500 kW
3. Fuel                                                -   Natural gas, hydrogen, propane, disel
4. Efficiency                                       -  20 - 30 % (recuperated)
5. Environmental                                -  Low (<9-50 ppm)NOx
6. Other features Co-generation         -  Small volume production, Commercial                                                                                             prototypes now.                     

Components of Microturbine

• Turbo compressor
• Combustor
• Generator
• Recuperator (internal Heat Exchanger)
• Turbine
• Power Electronics (Rectifier & Inverter)

Working Principle

• Microturbines are small gas turbines, most of which feature on internal heat exchanger called a  recuperator.
• In a microturbine, a radial flow(centrifugal) compressor compresses the inlet air that is then preheated in the recuperator using heat from the turbine exhaust.
• Next, the heated air from the recuperator mixes with  fuel in the combustor and hot combustion gas  expands through the expansion and power turbines.The expansion turbine turns the compressor and, single-shaft models, turns the generator as well.
• Finally, the recuperator uses the exhaust of the power turbine to preheat the air from the compressor.
• Single-shaft models generally operates at speeds over 60000 revolutions  per minute(rpm) and the permanent magnet  generator  generates electrical power of  high frequency, and of variable frequency(alternating current---AC) . This power rectified to to direct current (DC) and then inverted to 50/60 Hz for commercial use.

Types of Microturbine

1. Unrecuperated microturbine (simple cycle)
2. Recuperated microturbine

Comparision

       Unrecuperated                                                            

• Compressed air is mixed with the fuel and burned under constant pressure conditions.
• efficiency 15%

      Recuperated

• A sheet metal heat exchanger (recuperator) recovers temperature of the air stream supplied to the combustor.
• Efficiency 20-30%.

Distributed Energy Generation

• Energy produced in thermal and hydro electric power plants is distributed to the users through network of  line(transmission & distribution) called the power grid.
• Any technology of getting electric energy other than power grid, directly at the distribution level, is called Distributed energy  generation.
• In IUT, when load-shedding occurs, IUT generator serves as  distributed energy source.
• Example: Microturbine, diese generator (backup generator), solar panel etc.,.

Advantages of distributed  Generation

• The loss during  power transmission are eliminated.
• The combined heat and power(CHP) technology can be applied.
• Low emission and operating cost.
• High efficiency.

Advantages of Microturbine

• Small number of moving parts
• Compact size
• Light weight
• Good efficiency in co-generation
• Low emission
• Can utilize waste fuels
• No vibration
• Less noise than reciprocating engines

Economics

    Capital cost                         $ 700 - $1,100/ kW

    O&M cost                           $0.005 - $ 0.016 /kW

    Maintenance Interval           5,000 - 8,000 hrs ( 7 - 11 months approx.)

MICRO CONCRETE

• micro silica is a mineral admixture composes of very fine solid glassy spheres of silicon dioxide (Sio2).
• most micro silica particles are less than 

I-MOUSE

WHAT IS I-MOUSE?

• I-Mouse is the equivalent of the conventional computer mouse but it is entirely controlled by eyes
• the i-mouse offers people with extreme disabilities the opportunity to control a computer simply by moving his or her eyes or head

BENEFITS OF I - MOUSE

• Low system requirements
• Low cost
• High compatibility
• User friendly
• Application useful for handicapped people 
• Easier computer control 

LITERATURE SURVEY

• Related concepts:

         -HCL (Human Computer Interface)

         -Gesture Recognition

• Literature study:

        -Face Detection 

          -Color Based

       -Face tracking, Extraction and Motion Detection

          -Head Motion

          -Command Detection

          -Eyeball Motion Based

EXISTING SYSTEM

         The Headmaster User

          The Eagle Eyes User

           Facial mouse depiction

PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Hand Free Cursor Control System

         -Locating Human face and eyes

         -Facial movement and eye recognition

         -Calculating line of sight for eyes

         -Movement of mouse pointer using interfacing of human biometrics and computer system

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Two layers constitute the basic structure of i-mouse viz. Tracking Layer and Client layer.

• Tracking Layer

           -Input: sequence of Real Images.

           -Purpose: To provide a face tracker robust enough to be usable in visible noisy environments.

• Client Layer

          -Purpose: To provide the necessary level of abstraction over tracking layer.

          -This subsystem makes available the GUI.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

   SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS  

   

   operating system- Windows XP

   IDE- Eclipse 3.4(Min)

   Technology Used - Java

   Tools Used - JDK

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

   Processor - Intel Pentium P4

   Motherboard - Genuine Intel 

   RAM - At least 1 GB

   Hard Disk - 80GB

ADVANTAGES

• The motivation behind developing i- mouse is that it facilitates the hands free cursor control which reduces the dependency  on the typical mouse   

PRINCIPLE AND WOKING OF ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

all modern vehicles are provided with a fuel injection system to convey  fuel to the engine while reducing  the engine while reducing the amount of harmful emissions that a vehicle emits off. modern automobiles use electronic fuel injection (EFI) in their fuel delivery system in order to increase the efficiency. the EFI engines run more smoothhly, with lower emission and fuel consumption.

PRINCIPLE OF EFI

efi is an indirect,pressurized injection system with injectors operated by a solenoid.
in a multi-point injection system, each intake manifold has an injector . an electronic control unit helps to process the data from various sensors to optimize the fuel mixture.

working of efi; fuel injection systems are comprised of a complex array of components that work together to supply fuel or the vehicles engine. electronic fuel injection system is controlled by an electronic control unit.
CONTROLLING FUEL MIXTURE
in order to accelerate one should push the gas pedal, accelerate pedal position (APP) sensor sends signal to the EFI system. EFI then commands to open the  throttle. EFI takes information from the  throttle position sensor and APP till it has reached the desired position set by driver.
amount of air flow entering the throttle body is determine by either a mass air flow (MAF) sensor or a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor and then the information is sent to the EFI. EFI then uses this information to inject amount of fuel.
MAFofMAP and throttle position sensor readings are continuouly read by a computer in order to  know the amount of fuel being injected.
EFI system also uses an oxygen sensor to know the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust.

CONTROLLING IDLE
EFI system uses sensor to read the position of read the position of a crankshaft. it sends fuel based upon the speed of the crankshaft which in turn depends on the load  of the engine. for example , when we shift  vehicle or drive, the speed of he crankshaft decreases. the crankshaft sensor will communicate this information to tthe  EFI , thus opening the throttle and adding more fuel to overcome the engine load.
in the initial stage the engine may have higher revolutions, this is due to the presence of a temperature sensor which detects the temperature of engine. if the sensor detects less temperature, it will set higher idle threshold or raise the temperature of engine
CONTROLLING VALVE TIMING
 this is seen in automobiles with variable valve timing which helps to enable the engine to achieve optimal efficiency at varying speeds. the sensors present in the engine give information regarding the valve timing to the EFI.  this is a forward signal and  EFI sends feedback to the valve sensor on when to open depending on the fuel supply or exhaust gases.

EFI system are crucial to the operation of any vehicle. as it provides with required fuel to the engine. the various parts of the  EFI analyze the conditions inside the vehicle and adjust the conditions that are necessary to operate the vehicle efficiently.
airtex fuel delivery systems is the leading aftermarket  supplier of mechanicle  and electric fuel pumps and modular reservoir assemblies (MRA) .for over 50 years , the airtex brand has been the benchmark of fuel delivery and cooling system components for leading companies in the automotive aftermarket. if you are searching either for an electric fuel pump of a mechanical fuel pump, visit our website.

WHAT IS SILICA FUME?                                                                                                                        

 silica fume is a finely-divided mineral 

admixture,available in both compact

and compacted forms. this ultra-fine

material will better fill between 

 particles and result in a very dense 

concrete with higher compressive

strength and extremely low permeability.

HOW DOES SILICA FUME WORK IN CONCRETE?

the second function silica fume performs in cementitious compounds is a physical one. because silica fume is 100 to 150 times smaller than a cement particle it can fill the voids created by free water in the matrix.this function,called particle packing.

  ADVANTAGES OF SILICA FUME

lowers concrete permeability. significantly increases concrete durability. increases ultimate strength gain beneficial in all types of high strength concrete applications improves bond strength to steel. sigsignificantly reduces alkali-silica reactivity. provides excellent resistance to sulphate or seawaer attack . reduces steel corrosion. improves freeze/thaw durability of concrete.

USES PF SILICA FUME

for producion of high strength concrete, corrosion -resistant concrete,abrasion-resistant concrete,and low permeability concrete. used to make sewer and manhole repair products.reduces rebound in shotcrete application

WHAT IS FLYASH?

the finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal, which is transported from the firebox through the boiler by fllue gases." flyash is a by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants.

USE OF FLYASH

flyash will typically require an ai entraining agent to be added.

WHAT IS BLAST FURNACE?

the purpose of a blast furnace is to reduce and convert iron oxides into liquid iron called "hot metal". the blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory  brick. iron ore , coke and limestone are put  into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.

INNOVATION OF HELMET

A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries. the oldest known use of helmets was by assyrian soldiers in 900BC , who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from blunt object and sword blows and arrow strikes in combat. in civilian life, helmets are used for recreational activities, sports and transportation. But now, there's many innovations of helmets.

INNOVATION

• baseball batting helmets have an expanded protection over the ear, which protects the jaw of injury.
• motorcycle helmets often have flip-down face screens for rain and wind protection, and they may also have projecting visors to protect the eyes from glare.
• modern fire fighter's helmets protect the face and back of the head against impact, fires and electricity, and can include masks, communication systems, and other accessorries 
• Mixed  martial arts arts helmets have ear pads to prevent serious injuries to the athletes, who do not usually endure such force to the ears.    

TYPES   
   
BREMBO BTECH HELMET

• Brembo helmets are designed to enhance safety, comfort and design and present innovations
• for the target market, above all in the new types of automatic fit belt fastening of the helmet and the form of the visors.          

OVERADE

• overade is a foldable uni sex helmet. the device provides as much protection as a standard bicycle helmet but folds up to a compact, easily transportable size when not in use. small enough to slip into a purse or backpack, the design aims to address the low percentage of urban cyclists who utilize helmets.     

AIRBAG HELMET

• The airbag helmet from spanish company APC is the first commercially available motorcycle helmet to be equippedwithan airbag. The APC Airbag helmet works by using a remote electronic control box which is attached to the bike. this control box senses the sharp deceleration of the vehicle which occuars during collision.

PROTEUS HELMET

• The PROTEUS folding motorcycle helmet is a ground-breaking new design solution for optimising the portability of an essential road safety product.aimed at savvy urban commuters and overseas travellers, the PROTEUS solves a common dilemma - what to do with one's helmet upon reaching one's destination

SPINOUT

• The Voztec safety release system allows the helmet to be opened from the rear, which promises to be advantageous after an accident because the neck wouldn't be stressed during helmet removal.

SELF HEALING CONCRETE

The name itself explains the behaviour of the concrete which can self contact and settles itself into the mould. in general we use to add admixtures like mobility admixtures to ease flow of concrete aggregate along with the cement

since concrete is occupied the bulk using category of the world. self healing concrete is a living concrete which can move by self in to the deeper cracks and can heal itself.

• crack information is a typical phenomenon related to durability
• percolation of cracks may lead to leakage problems, causing deterioration of the concrete matrix or corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement.

WHAT IS BIO CONCRETE

• it is a special type of concrete invented by a group of microbiology researchers under the head of henk jonkers
• bio concrete is also called as BACTERIAL CONCRETE or self healing concrete.
• it is specially made to increase the life span and durability of concrete structure by the self healing action of that concrete

SPECIALITY OF BIO CONCRETE

there are two special characteristics present in bio concrete

1. the special bacteria that can resist the alkalinity and the mechanical stress of concrete
2. the chemical precursor to activate the bacteria.

BACTERIA USED

• Most of the bacteria belongs to genus bacillus are fulfilling the required criteria discussed above. some of the list of bacteria are B.pseudofirmus, B.cohni, b.filla, b.pasteurii..etc
• the suitable chemical precursor found to be most suitable is calcium lactate Ca(C3H5O2)2

MECHANISM

• the cracks are formed on the surface of concrete due to many reasons like shrinkage, inadequate water for hydration...etc.
• the water is deliberately forced in to the crack and precursor is activated.

ca(c3h5o2)2 + 7o2  --> caco3 + 5co2 + 5h2o

co2 + ca(oh)2   --> caco3 + h2o

• the activated precursor intern induces the bacteria to react with that precursor  and form a base of calcium carbonate called as lime stone, the chemical equation is given above

APPLICATION OF HEALING AGENT

1. BY DIRECT APPLICATION 

          The bacteria and the chemical precursor (calcium lactate) are added by directly while making              the concrete.                                                                                  

      2. ENCAPSULATION LWA

         a) the part of the coarse aggregate is replaced by the light weight aggregate(LWA),which is                    impregnated with twice the calcium lactate solution and the spores of bacteria.

         b) After impregnation the clay particles with 6% healing agents and the concrete is made.

EVALUATION

• the concrete properties should not be negatively affected by the addition of a healing agent to the concrete mixture.
• a large amount of bacteria and certain mineral precursor compounds like calcium lactate do substantially influence concrete compressive and tensile strengh.
• when the healing agent is added , Optimization of healing agent is necessary so that it wont affect the characteristics of the concrete 

APPLICATIONS

• the spore would be crushed by small holes 
• no strong spores were detected in a 135-day old specimen, implying the majority of spores in the cured cement mixture were available  for less than 4 months